Accordingly, suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 action was shown in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines [30]; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was suppressed in FaDu head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells [35], or in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells [49]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.