Using a mouse model of COPD exacerbation induced by cigarette smoke, Tanabe et al. demonstrated that TRX ameliorated neutrophilic inflammation by suppressing the release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, thereby preventing the progression of emphysema, indicating the potential of TRX as a novel therapeutic agent that might counteract COPD exacerbation [31]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and pulmonary emphysema.