This growth suppressive ability has been associated with many critical cancer-related pathways, including p53-independent upregulation of Cdkn1a (p21) [88,89], interference with the formation of cyclin D1/cdk4 complexes, c-jun and E-cadherin inhibition, c-myc activation, induction of apoptosis and cellular senescence [87,90,91]. Here, MYC is linked to cancer.