The study population recruited by these authors comprised three different cohorts of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC; 73 patients undergoing lung resection; 28 receiving either programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)- or PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeted immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy; and 52 patients treated with second-line PD-1/PD-L1 therapy). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.