Taken together with earlier work [22, 23, 26], these findings add additional evidence that challenges the concept that neutrophils and NETs, to the degree that NET generation and neutrophil effector function relies on PADI4 [7–13], ELANE [10, 14–17], or CYBB [4–6], critically drives lupus. Here, PADI4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.