Since PADI4 deficiency and pharmacological inhibition reduces NET formation in lupus and PADI4 pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion does not impact SLE pathogenesis [23, 26], and given the large number of reports implicating ELANE in NET formation, it seems unlikely that ELANE-independent NETs drive autoimmunity in this setting. The gene discussed is PADI4; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.