TNF and breast carcinoma: Furthermore, adipocyte- or CAA-secreted factors, including leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IGFBP-2, LCN2, collagen VI, and others, have also been demonstrated to promote breast cancer cell malignant progression, such as EMT, invasion, and metastasis (Iyengar et al., 2003, 2005; Dirat et al., 2011; Drew et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Olea-Flores et al., 2018).