Cancer cell EMT could be driven by paracrine signals from the microenvironment, such as TGF-β, Wnt, Notch-1, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 (Heldin et al., 2012; Ye and Weinberg, 2015). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.