TNF and Cachexia: Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐6, proinflammatory cytokines commonly reported in the cachexia phenotype, were elevated in CA‐M and CA‐F across and within groups (Figures 3D and 3E).3, 43 However, IL‐1β, another proinflammatory cytokine reportedly associated with some cachexia phenotypes, was not significantly altered within or across groups (Figure 3F).