NFKB1 and Sepsis: Additionally, recent work in patients with LPS/sepsis demonstrated that direct IV infusion of ketone bodies induced a potent acute anti‐catabolic response in the skeletal muscle, even when controlling for the potential confounding effects of GPR109a (HCAR2) signaling on NF‐κB.17, 27 Importantly, fasting,15, 66 LPS/sepsis,82 and CACS3, 83 have all been shown to reduce IGF‐1/insulin signaling.