TRAF6 and autoimmune disease: Formation of a myddosome leads to the activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6).6,8–10 TRAF6 further mediates the activation of NF-κB and induction of inflammatory genes.11 TLR3 transduces signals through TRIF.12 TLR4 is the only receptor that signals through MyD88 to activate NF-κB and TRIF, which activate both NF-κB and IRF3.13–15 Although TLRs are essential for the elicitation of protective immune responses against infection, inappropriate TLR responses contribute to chronic inflammation and/or autoimmune diseases.