TGFB1 and neoplasm: Previous studies have classified tumours into “immune-rich” and “immune desert” types based on their microenvironment.1 In addition, a recent study has also described an “immune-exclusion” type that is derived from tumour growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation with a large stromal component.2 However, the molecular determinants of the tumour immune microenvironment are largely unknown, and numerous tumoural and host factors, such as tumour mutational burden (TMB),3 oncogene mutations, host HLA type4 and microbiota5 are expected to influence of the tumour microenvironment.