Hp-I also contributes to a low-grade inflammation by inducing the release of vasoactive and proinflammatory molecules, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins), and acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen), which are implicated in the pathophysiology of IR syndrome and NAFLD. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.