TNF and infection: Antoine et al. reported that CD4+ T cells specific to cytomegalovirus expressed activation markers during primary infection with the virus, but they had a decreased ability to produce IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-2 [31].In our study, reactivation of herpes infection was associated with the presence of activated immune cells that, at the same time, expressed exhaustion markers.