TRERF1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: To evaluate the determinant role of autophagy induction in IMPA2-associated metastatic progression of ccRCC, we employed rapamycin (Rapa, mTORC1 inhibitor) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) to modulate autophagy activity in the detected ccRCC cells.