ERN1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Bufalin (a cardiotonic steroid) [76] and anthocyanins [70] also induced ER stress-mediated protective autophagy via ER stress sensors, the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/JNK and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathways, respectively, leading to the apoptosis of HCC cells.