In the diabetic nephropathy rat model, GLP-1RA also downregulated expression of several inflammatory biomarkers in rats, such as tubulointerstitial tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), collagen I, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin, all reported to play a role in diabetic nephropathy, as well as ameliorating kidney tubules and tubulointerstitial lesions [70]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and diabetic kidney disease.