Non-Z isoforms likely also play a pro-inflammatory role: in fact, Dandurand et al. conducted a case-controlled study about bronchiectasis prevalence, comparing 16 COPD subjects with non-PiZ phenotypes (3 SS, 8 MS, 5 MZ) with 16 COPD patients matched for age, sex and FEV1 with AAT levels ≤ 1.15 g/L, but MM genotype (MM), and with 16 similarly matched COPD patients with serum AAT levels ≥ 1.15 g/L and not genotyped. Here, SERPINA1 is linked to bronchiectasis.