Most prominently among this group, inhibitors aiming at programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have recently led to a breakthrough in targeted cancer therapy and are nowadays used for the treatment for a multitude of neoplastic diseases, including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma and urothelial carcinoma [2]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is urothelial carcinoma.