INS and diabetes mellitus: This approach became known as closed-loop control of diabetes, or the “artificial pancreas (AP).” The AP idea can be traced back to the 1970’s when the possibility for external blood glucose regulation was established by studies using i.v. glucose measurement and i.v. infusion of glucose and insulin (Albisser et al. (1974), Pfeiffer et al. (1974), Mirouze et al. (1977), Kraegen et al. (1977), and Shichiri et al. (1978)).