In several tumor models, CD8+ T-cells are required for agonistic CD40 mAb efficacy.7,8 However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the anti-tumor effects of agonistic CD40 mAb are mediated via direct macrophage activation.9 CD40 is expressed by a wide variety of immune cells, and is also expressed by non-hematopoietic cells including endothelial cells.10 Here, CD40 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.