HMOX1 and infection: For example, induction or overexpression of HO-1 has been reported to inhibit infection of influenza (Hashiba et al., 2001), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Devadas and Dhawan, 2006), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Protzer et al., 2007), dengue virus (DENV) (Tseng et al., 2016), and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (Espinoza et al., 2017).