Conditioned medium from polarised M2 TAMs promoted migration,93,94 tumour growth,93,94 sphere formation,93 expression of stemness proteins,93,94 a side population of cancer stemness,93 TGF-β/p-Smad93 and β-catenin93,94 signalling pathways and EMT93,94 in HCC cell lines.93 CCL-17 and TNF-α, which are overexpressed in HCC93 and implicated in HCC development,95,96 respectively, were found be the functional components secreted by TAMs in promoting these phenotypes. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.