TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Conditioned medium from polarised M2 TAMs promoted migration,93,94 tumour growth,93,94 sphere formation,93 expression of stemness proteins,93,94 a side population of cancer stemness,93 TGF-β/p-Smad93 and β-catenin93,94 signalling pathways and EMT93,94 in HCC cell lines.93 CCL-17 and TNF-α, which are overexpressed in HCC93 and implicated in HCC development,95,96 respectively, were found be the functional components secreted by TAMs in promoting these phenotypes.