This pro-tumoral effect associated with autophagy impairment was due to increased ROS production and NF-κB/interleukin-1 alpha/beta (IL-1α/β) signaling, resulting in inflamed TME, thus demonstrating an antitumorigenic role of Kupffer cell-associated autophagy in HCC tumor initiation96. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.