HIF1A and colonic neoplasm: In addition, given the documented relevance of the microbiome in cancer progression, the knowledge that there is a particular microbiota organization in proximal colon [47], and that colon bacterial products modulate HIF1-α expression and activation [48,49], it may also be important to explore the impact of the microbiome on macrophage–colon cancer cell crosstalk, within an hypoxic environment.