VEGFA and renal cell carcinoma: Recently, a better understanding of the biological and molecular basis of RCC has led to the development and approval of new targeted agents: the majority of these drugs are directed against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) pathway (bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, axitinib and cabozantinib) [5,6,7,8,9]; the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (everolimus and temsirolimus) [10,11] and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway (nivolumab) [12,13].