Of 11 biomarkers evaluated in the present study, three—sAA, IgA and MIP4—were found to be increased, and two—uric acid and FRAP—were found to be decreased in the saliva of patients with BMS versus controls, suggesting that these patients can present with alterations in immune response, pro-inflammatory status and oxidative stress that are related to pain sensation and psychological stress. Here, CCL18 is linked to burning mouth syndrome.