VCAM1 and keratoconus: KC-derived inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α and IL-1 induce expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) on LSECs including E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) [153,168,169].