TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Exposure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human macrophages to acetylcholine resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of such proinflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β [4], involved in pathological processes of endotoxemia and sepsis [5].