Associations were made with increased age [11], higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration in the serum [31], female sex [35], previous irradiation of the tumour area [37], pre-existence of liver-located or more than two metastatic sites [46], MDM2/MDM4 and EGFR genetic alterations [32,47] and mutations in a variety of oncogenes [48]. This evidence concerns the gene MDM2 and neoplasm.