Furthermore, serine kinases including protein kinase C (PKC) [17], glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GS3K) [18], c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) [19,20,21], inhibitory kappa B (IκB) kinase (IKK) [13,22], mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) [23,24,25] and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p706SK) [26,27] have been shown to contribute to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 [28] and insulin resistance. The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is Insulin resistance.