In their study they demonstrated that preterm school-age children with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) induced (CP) had significantly higher levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNFα) and elevated TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s), in comparison to preterm term school-age control group children. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is periventricular leukomalacia.