SMAD2 and bacterial urinary tract infection: We found that elevated circulating testosterone levels primed the kidney for fibrosis by increasing local production of TGFβ1 before the initiation of UTI, altering the ratio of transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 and increasing the presence of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐like cells and Gli1 + activated myofibroblasts, the cells primarily responsible for deposition of scar components.