In comparison, our pyelonephritis model features regional injury and scarring that is comparatively limited in scope; as a result, analysis of our whole‐kidney homogenates did not reveal increased Col1A1 (collagen I) and Acta2 (α‐smooth muscle actin) transcription in TC‐treated mice (Figure 6a and b). The gene discussed is COL1A1; the disease is pyelonephritis.