Among these, inhibiting both IFN production and counteracting the anti-viral effects of IFN-stimulated genes, namely, PKR and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L, are well-described NS1-mediated actions that facilitate establishment at an early stage of infection (Hale et al., 2008). The gene discussed is RNASEL; the disease is infection.