Significantly, Lastres-Becker et al. (2012) reported that α-synuclein expression and Nrf2 deficiency cooperate to aggravate protein aggregation, neuronal death, and inflammation in early-stage PD, and very recent findings further define As oxidative/nitrosative stress as a key etiopathogenetic factor in PD (Rizor et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and Parkinson disease.