ENG and autoimmune disease: In addition, TRIM21’s function is associated with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren’s syndrome.47,48 Notably, patients with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome have an increased risk for developing certain cancers, including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.49 In addition, TRIM21 interacts with endoglin,50 which is a prognostic marker in CRC51 and also act as a CSC marker in renal cell carcinoma.52 Future studies will need to address how the CSN6–TRIM21 axis may impact these signalling pathways to promote tumorigenesis.