To investigate the role of the CSN6–TRIM21–OCT1–ALDH1A1 axis in promoting colon cancer tumour stemness, we performed in vivo LDAs to monitor tumour initiation.38 A limited dilution series of DLD-1 cells expressing CSN6-targeted shRNA or control shRNA were injected into athymic nude mice, and tumour incidence was monitored over 2 months. Here, COPS6 is linked to neoplasm.