Beyond oncogenic signaling pathways such as PTEN, that can drive PD-L1 expression, other studies evaluated PD-L1 induction by several pro-inflammatory stimuli in cancer cells, particularly by interferons (IFNs), interleukin (IL)-6,IL-10, IL12, IL17, TGFβ, and TNFα, suggesting that multiple factors present in the tumor microenvironment may promote increased PDL1 expression by tumors [126]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.