Recently, an oligoclonal expansion of Vδ1+ T cells expressing CD38 and PD-1 and lacking the expression of CD27 and CD57, indicative of an early effector phenotype, has been reported in controlled infections of Tanzanian volunteers with Plasmodium falciparum, however, as longitudinal data is lacking, it is unclear whether those observations are a result of infection [103]. The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is infection.