TNF and neoplasm: Bacterial moieties, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, which show pro-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor activities by high expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-12, reactive oxygen species, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules [7].