TNF and lung carcinoma: As shown in Table 1, most common cytokines and chemokines used in the therapeutic management of lung cancer are IL6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL10, IFNγ, IL2, IL22, IL32, IL37, IL8, CCL2, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand (CX3CL1) (53–59, 64, 82–85), among which macrophages are the major source of IL6, TNFα, IL10, IL8, CCL2, and CX3CL1 [(86, 87); Figure 1].