Previous studies reported that astaxanthin increased GSH biosynthesis through the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 and the antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway in the rat brain with subarachnoid hemorrhage (Wu Q. et al., 2014), and also increased brain GSH levels in other brain disorders due to chemical oxidative stress and amygdalar kindling in rozdents (Wu W. et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2015). The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is subarachnoid hemorrhage.