Strikingly, for genes in cluster ii), which are specifically up-regulated in AAS, high expression of 7 of the top 10 genes (C3, CD74, HLA-DRA, STRA6, IGFBP4, PIGR, and TNIP1) was strongly associated with better cumulative survival than tumours with low expression of these genes (Fig. 5e). Here, C3 is linked to neoplasm.