ATM and hepatocellular carcinoma: In hepatoma cells, PGA2 increased p53 protein during the induction of apoptosis and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) activated p53 via ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation, suggesting that PGA2-induced apoptosis may be mediated by p53 [15,17].