GDF15 and chronic kidney disease: In our study cohort, plasma concentrations of GDF-15, H-FABP, IGF-BP2, and suPAR were markedly elevated in patients with decreased renal function, with a 2.0- to 4.4-fold increase in biomarker levels in the advanced stages of CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 BSA).