TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In randomized controlled trials, curcumin supplementation reduced serum IL-1β and IL-4 in adults with obesity (1 g/d for 8 wk) (33) and reduced serum IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α concentrations in subjects with metabolic syndrome (1 g/d for 4 wk) (34).