In keeping with the idea that inducing of TLR3 in NK cells can enhance NK cell-facilitated antitumour functions, in vitro research in humans showed that TLR4L-activated NK cells are capable of eliminating autologous bile ducts in cases of primary biliary cirrhosis when IFN-α that is synthesised by TLR3L-stimulated monocytes is present. The gene discussed is TLR3; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.