RAGE ligands S100A12 and carboxymethyllysine (CML)-AGE are elevated in the circulation of subjects with PAD vs. control subjects (67) and, interestingly, in the infrainguinal vein tissue used for vascular grafting in this disorder, the proportion of the tissue stained for AGE, CML, RAGE, and S100A12 was similar in patients with and without diabetes (67), suggesting that non-glucose-related factors also led to the recruitment of the RAGE pathway in PAD. This evidence concerns the gene AGER and diabetes mellitus.