Maintaining the following factors also results in an increased risk of pre-diabetes: metabolic syndrome (RRR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.4); elevated waist circumference (RRR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.5); low HDL cholesterol (RRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–4.6); elevated triglycerides (RRR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–3.0); as well as elevated ALT (RRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–4.5). This evidence concerns the gene GPT and diabetes mellitus.