AVP and nephrolithiasis: When considered in terms of UOSM > 500 mOsm·kg−1, Table 1 also shows that HIGH consumed an adequate TWI (2.5–3.2 L·24 h−1); this urine concentration has been identified as a threshold that avoids an elevated plasma AVP and ensures urinary output sufficient to reduce the risk of kidney stone formation and renal function decline [87].