NODAL and neoplasm of testis: Despite a report of infrequent CRIPTO expression in urological malignancies (including only four testicular tumors) [24], more recently we and others have described the high expression of CRIPTO in TGCTs and related cell lines (with a decreased expression upon exposure to differentiation-inducing agents, such as retinoic acid), and hypothesized that aberrant maintenance or re-activation of NODAL/CRIPTO signaling during fetal life may be a possible mechanism for the genesis of these tumors [14,16,25,26].