AFP and Cowden syndrome 1: When combining AFP, β-HCG and the miRNAs, the sensitivities were 85% (33 out of 39 patients) for the whole cohort (12 of 16 S patients and 21 of 23 NS patients), 79.2% (19 of 24 patients) for CS I (9 of 12 S patients and 10 of 12 NS patients) and 93.3% (14 out of 15 patients) for CS II/III (3 of 4 S patients and 11 of 11 NS patients).