For example, SCFAs may activate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), increase secretion of gut hormones (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY) by intestinal epithelial L cells and leptin by adipocytes, and suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines (34), thereby regulating insulin sensitivity (35) and the pathophysiological course of GDM (36). Here, LEP is linked to gestational diabetes.