For example, SCFAs may activate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), increase secretion of gut hormones (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY) by intestinal epithelial L cells and leptin by adipocytes, and suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines (34), thereby regulating insulin sensitivity (35) and the pathophysiological course of GDM (36). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.