Relative to the endothelial function seen during steady-state hyperglycemia, endothelial cells exposed to glucose oscillations have an increased propensity for apoptosis and expression of adhesion molecules, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and E-selectin (11, –, 14). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Hyperglycemia.